Vectors and viruses for use in gene therapy

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a vector suitable for use in gene therapy, which comprises an expressible insert DNA which codes for the DNA binding domain of a poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase or for an at least partially catalytically inactive poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase. Furthermore, this invention concerns processes for the preparation of such a vector and viruses suitable for use in gene therapy.

This is a national phase filing of the Application No. PCT/DE95/01817, which was filed with the Patent Corporation Treaty on Dec. 15, 1995, and is entitled to priority of the German Patent Application P 44 44 949.6, filed Dec. 16, 1994.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to vectors and viruses suitable for use in gene therapy, processes for the production thereof and their use.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Common oncotherapy comprises the surgical removal of the tumor and the patient's aftertreatment by means of irradiation and/or systemic application of cytostatic agents. By means of the aftertreatment it is tried to kill non-removed tumor tissue and metastases formed, respectively.

However, common oncotherapies show little success. In particular, side-effects such as induction of secondary tumors, damage of internal organs or pains frequently occur in aftertreated patients.

Thus, it is the object of the present invention to provide means serving for improving common oncotherapies and avoiding particularly the above side effects.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a vector suitable for use in gene therapy, which comprises an expressible insert DNA which codes for the DNA binding domain of a poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase or for an at least partially catalytically inactive poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase. Furthermore, this invention concerns processes for the preparation of such a vector and viruses suitable for use in gene therapy.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A and 1B collectively show a DNA (SEQ. ID NO:1) encoding for the DBD of a human PARP between positions 65 and 1220 (SEQ. ID NO: 1) and its deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:2).

FIG. 2 shows the vectors AAV^(rep−)DBP, MVM^(cap−)DBD and AAV^(rep−/cap−)DBD according to the invention.

FIG. 3 shows the retrovirus DBD vector according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

According to the invention this is achieved by a vector suitable for use in gene therapy and comprising an expressible insert DNA coding for the DNA binding domain (referred to as DBD below) of a poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (referred as to PARP below) or for an at least partially catalytically inactive PARP.

The present invention is based on the applicant's finding that the activity of PARP, an enzyme required for repairing DNA damage, is inhibited by the addition of DBD molecules and the repair rate of DNA damage is reduced drastically.

The above expression “vector suitable for use in gene therapy” comprises any vectors which can be used in gene therapy as such or together with other means. These are, e.g., plasmid vectors and viral vectors. Of the latter particularly those of adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, adeno-associated virus (referred to as AAV below), “minute virus of mice” (referred to as MVM below) and retroviruses are to be mentioned. Viral vectors of AAV, e.g., AAV-sub201 are to be mentioned. Viral vectors of AAV, e.g., AAV-sub201 (Samulski et al., 1987, J. Virol. 61:3096-3101) of MVM, e.g., pSR2 (Russell et al., 1992, J. Virol. 66:2821-2828) and of retroviruses, e.g., N2 (Keller et al., 1985, Nature 318:149-154) are especially preferred.

According to the invention an insert DNA is inserted in an above vector, which codes for the DBD of a PARP or for an at least partially catalytically inactive PARP. An above insert DNA c an originate from any organism, e.g., from man or animals or from plants. An insert DNA from man is used preferably and that of FIG. 1A and 1B, positions 65 and 1220 (SEQ ID NO: 1), or a DNA differing therefrom by one or more nucleotides is especially preferred.

The above insert DNA is inserted in the vector such that the insert DNA can be expressed. This can be achieved by inserting the insert DNA in phase in an expression unit present in the vector. For this purpose, it may be necessary to at least partially remove a DNA present in the expression unit. It may also be advantageous to replace elements of the existing expression unit such as enhancer, promoter or polyadenylation signals, at least partially by others. A promoter is preferably inserted in an expression unit, which is specific for a tissue kind, so that the expression of the insert DNA controlled by the promoter becomes tissue-specific. A promoter which is active in tumor cells is especially preferred. An example of such a promoter is the P4 promoter of MVM. Russell, et al., supra.

The expression of the above insert DNA can also be achieved in an expression unit which has to be inserted in the vector for this purpose. The above statements also apply to this expression unit.

In the case of viral vectors it often proves to be favorable to insert the insert DNA in an expression unit present in the vector. The removal or partial removal of virus DNA present in the expression unit, which is accompanied by this under certain circumstances, then results in a viral vector which has a defect in a virus function. This defect can be utilized as a selection marker. On the other hand, the defect can be compensated, if necessary, by conventional methods such as complementation in trans.

According to the invention viral vectors are preferred in which the insert DNA is inserted such that the viral vectors as such are no longer capable of forming the viruses coded by them. Examples of such viral vectors are indicated in FIGS. 2 and 3. They are AAV ^(rep−)DBD, MVM^(cap−)DBD and AAV^(rep−/cap)−DED (FIG. 2). However, the viruses coded by them can be formed by conventional complementation methods. For example, AAV^(rep−)DBD is transfected into cells which are simultaneously cotransfected with a DNA construct expressing the rep gene. Viruses are obtained. They are well suited for gene therapy, since they cannot multiply in patients.

Furthermore, FIG. 3 refers to the preferred retrovirus DBD vector. The virus coded by the viral vector is obtained by transfection into a conventional packaging cell line. It is also well suited for gene therapy.

Thus, the subject matter of the present invention also relates to viruses coded by the above viral vectors.

Vectors and viruses according to the invention distinguish themselves in that they can inhibit the repair of DNA damage. Therefore, they are suitable in the best possible way to be used in treatments in which cells are to be killed. The suitability of the vectors and viruses according to the invention is especially suitable for the treatment of tumors, particularly together with conventional irradiation methods and/or treatments with cytostatic agents. In this case, it is especially important that they can be tissue (tumor)-specifically active. The present invention is trend-setting for the gene-therapeutic treatment of the most serious diseases.

The below examples explain the invention in more detail. The following preparations and examples are given to enable those skilled in the art to more clearly understand and to practice the present invention. The present invention, however, is not limited in scope by the exemplified embodiments, which are intended as illustrations of single aspects of the invention only, and methods which are functionally equivalent are within the scope of the invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying drawings. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

EXAMPLES A. Example 1

Preparation of the Vector AAV ^(rep−)DBD According to the Invention

The vector AAV-sub201 (Samulski et al., supra) is used as a basis. This vector is cleaved with the restriction enzymes Xbal and BstbI. A 3.3 kb vector fragment and a 1.4 kb Rep fragment are obtained. The latter extends to the 5′ end of the p40 promoter and is discarded. The ends of the vector fragment are “made blunt”. An insert, P4-DBD-poly A, is inserted therein, which from 5′ to 3′ comprises the following sequences: (I) a 259 bp BamHI/NcoI fragment containing the P4 promoter. This fragment originates, e.g., from the plasmid pEG618 (Astell et al., 1986, J. Virol. 57:656-669); (II) a 1.73 kb EcoRI/HindIII fragment from pPARP6 (Küpper et al., 1990, J. Biol. Chem. 265:18721-18724) which includes both the 1.1 kb DBD and the 630 bp HSV thymidine kinase poly-A signal. The vector AAV ^(rep−)DBD is obtained.

B. Example 2

Preparation of the Vector MVM ^(cap−)DBD According to the Invention

The vector pSR2 (Russell et al., supra) is used as a basis. This vector is cleaved with HindIII and BglII. A vector fragment and a 1.6 kb capsid fragment (II) of MVM are obtained. The latter fragment is removed and replaced by the insert fragment (II) of Example 1, DBD-poly-A. The vector MVM ^(cap−)DBD is obtained.

C. Example 3

Preparation of the Vector AAV ^(rep−cap −)DBD According to the Invention

The vector AAV-sub201 of Example 1 is used as a basis. This vector is cleaved with XbaI, and all of the AAV constituents—with the exception of the terminal repetitions—are removed. The rest of the fragment is ligated with the intermediary sequence, e.g., a 2.4 kb BamHI/BamHI fragment from pCosAGy2 (Auer et al., 1989, DNA 8:575-580) which has non-coding sequences from the 7th intron of human PARP. Thereafter, fragments I and II of Example 1 are inserted. The vector AAV ^(rep−/cap−)DBD is obtained.

D. Example 4

Preparation of the Retrovirus DBD Vector According to the Invention

The vector N2 (Keller et al., supra) is used as a basis. This vector is opened with EcoRI partial digest 3′ of the neomycin gene. Then, the following sequences are inserted in the vector from 5′ to 3′ at the 3′ end of the neomycin gene: (I) the 0.7 kb poly-A signal of the β-globin gene (e.g., the EcoRI/SalI fragment from pECV; Berg et al., 1989, Gene 4:407-417); (II) a 259 bp BamHI/NcoI fragment which contains the p4 promoter (Example 1, (I)); (III) a 1.73 kb EcoRI/HindIII fragment from pPARP6 (Example 1, (II)). The retrovirus DBD vector is obtained.

E. Example 5

Inhibition of the Repair of DNA Damage

The inhibition of the repair of DNA damage is shown by means of the inhibition of the synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose). The vector AAV^(rep−)DBD according to the invention is transfected into HeLa cells by means of electroporation. Following the transfection, the cells are seeded onto cover glasses for the purpose of microscopy. Two days later, the transfected cells on the cover glasses are subjected to a genotoxic treatment, e.g., x-ray therapy or treatment with alkylating cancerogens. DNA breakages result therefrom which lead to an activation of PARP which then synthesizes poly(ADP-ribose). The HeLA cells are fixed with trichloroacetic acid within 30 minutes following the genotoxic treatment and subjected to an indirect immunofluorescence against poly(ADP-ribose). No poly (ADP-ribos)-specific signals are obtained.

This shows that the DBD expressed in cells causes an inhibition of PARP.

All references cited within the body of the instant specification are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

2 3792 base pairs nucleic acid single linear Coding Sequence 96...3134 1 TGCGGCTGGG TGAGCGCACG CGAGGCGGCG AGGCGGCAGC GTGTTTCTAG GTCGTGGCGT 60 CGGGCTTCCG GAGCTTTGGC GGCAGCTAGG GGAGG ATG GCG GAG TCC TCG GAT 113 Met Ala Glu Ser Ser Asp 1 5 AAG CTC TAT CGA GTC GAG TAC GCC AAG AGC GAG CGC GCC TCT TGC AAG 161 Lys Leu Tyr Arg Val Glu Tyr Ala Lys Ser Glu Arg Ala Ser Cys Lys 10 15 20 AAA TGC AGC GAG AGC ATC CCC AAG GAC TCG CTC CGG ATG GCC ATC ATG 209 Lys Cys Ser Glu Ser Ile Pro Lys Asp Ser Leu Arg Met Ala Ile Met 25 30 35 GTG CAG TCG CCC ATG TTT GAT GGA AAA GTC CCA CAC TGG TAC CAC TTC 257 Val Gln Ser Pro Met Phe Asp Gly Lys Val Pro His Trp Tyr His Phe 40 45 50 TCC TGC TTC TGG AAG GTG GGC CAC TCC ATC CGG CAC CCT GAC GTT GAG 305 Ser Cys Phe Trp Lys Val Gly His Ser Ile Arg His Pro Asp Val Glu 55 60 65 70 GTG GAT GGG TTC TCT GAG CTT CGG TGG GAT GAC CAG CAG AAA GTC AAG 353 Val Asp Gly Phe Ser Glu Leu Arg Trp Asp Asp Gln Gln Lys Val Lys 75 80 85 AAG ACA GCG GAA GCT GGA GGA GTG ACA GGC AAA GGC CAG GAT GGA ATT 401 Lys Thr Ala Glu Ala Gly Gly Val Thr Gly Lys Gly Gln Asp Gly Ile 90 95 100 GGT AGC AAG GCA GAG AAG ACT CTG GGT GAC TTT GCA GCA GAG TAT GCC 449 Gly Ser Lys Ala Glu Lys Thr Leu Gly Asp Phe Ala Ala Glu Tyr Ala 105 110 115 AAG TCC AAC AGA AGT ACG TGC AAG GGG TGT ATG GAG AAG ATA GAA AAG 497 Lys Ser Asn Arg Ser Thr Cys Lys Gly Cys Met Glu Lys Ile Glu Lys 120 125 130 GGC CAG GTG CGC CTG TCC AAG AAG ATG GTG GAC CCG GAG AAG CCA CAG 545 Gly Gln Val Arg Leu Ser Lys Lys Met Val Asp Pro Glu Lys Pro Gln 135 140 145 150 CTA GGC ATG ATT GAC CGC TGG TAC CAT CCA GGC TGC TTT GTC AAG AAC 593 Leu Gly Met Ile Asp Arg Trp Tyr His Pro Gly Cys Phe Val Lys Asn 155 160 165 AGG GAG GAG CTG GGT TTC CGG CCC GAG TAC AGT GCG AGT CAG CTC AAG 641 Arg Glu Glu Leu Gly Phe Arg Pro Glu Tyr Ser Ala Ser Gln Leu Lys 170 175 180 GGC TTC AGC CTC CTT GCT ACA GAG GAT AAA GAA GCC CTG AAG AAG CAG 689 Gly Phe Ser Leu Leu Ala Thr Glu Asp Lys Glu Ala Leu Lys Lys Gln 185 190 195 CTC CCA GGA GTC AAG AGT GAA GGA AAG AGA AAA GGC GAT AAG GTG GAT 737 Leu Pro Gly Val Lys Ser Glu Gly Lys Arg Lys Gly Asp Lys Val Asp 200 205 210 GGA GTG GAT GAA GTG GCG AAG AAG AAA TCT AAA AAA GAA AAA GAC AAG 785 Gly Val Asp Glu Val Ala Lys Lys Lys Ser Lys Lys Glu Lys Asp Lys 215 220 225 230 GAT AGT AAG CTT GAA AAA GCC CTA AAG GCT CAG AAC GAC CTG ATC TGG 833 Asp Ser Lys Leu Glu Lys Ala Leu Lys Ala Gln Asn Asp Leu Ile Trp 235 240 245 AAC ATC AAG GAC GAG CTA AAG AAA GTG TGT TCA ACT AAT GAC CTG AAG 881 Asn Ile Lys Asp Glu Leu Lys Lys Val Cys Ser Thr Asn Asp Leu Lys 250 255 260 GAG CTA CTC ATC TTC AAC AAG CAG CAA GTG CCT TCT GGG GAG TCG GCG 929 Glu Leu Leu Ile Phe Asn Lys Gln Gln Val Pro Ser Gly Glu Ser Ala 265 270 275 ATC TTG GAC CGA GTA GCT GAT GGC ATG GTG TTC GGT GCC CTC CTT CCC 977 Ile Leu Asp Arg Val Ala Asp Gly Met Val Phe Gly Ala Leu Leu Pro 280 285 290 TGC GAG GAA TGC TCG GGT CAG CTG GTC TTC AAG AGC GAT GCC TAT TAC 1025 Cys Glu Glu Cys Ser Gly Gln Leu Val Phe Lys Ser Asp Ala Tyr Tyr 295 300 305 310 TGC ACT GGG GAC GTC ACT GCC TGG ACC AAG TGT ATG GTC AAG ACA CAG 1073 Cys Thr Gly Asp Val Thr Ala Trp Thr Lys Cys Met Val Lys Thr Gln 315 320 325 ACA CCC AAC CGG AAG GAG TGG GTA ACC CCA AAG GAA TTC CGA GAA ATC 1121 Thr Pro Asn Arg Lys Glu Trp Val Thr Pro Lys Glu Phe Arg Glu Ile 330 335 340 TCT TAC CTC AAG AAA TTG AAG GTT AAA AAG CAG GAC CGT ATA TTC CCC 1169 Ser Tyr Leu Lys Lys Leu Lys Val Lys Lys Gln Asp Arg Ile Phe Pro 345 350 355 CCA GAA ACC AGC GCC TCC GTG GCC CAC CCT CCG CCC TCC ACA GCC TCG 1217 Pro Glu Thr Ser Ala Ser Val Ala His Pro Pro Pro Ser Thr Ala Ser 360 365 370 GCT CCT GCT GCT GTG AAC TCC TCT GCT TCA GCA GAT AAG CCA TTA TCC 1265 Ala Pro Ala Ala Val Asn Ser Ser Ala Ser Ala Asp Lys Pro Leu Ser 375 380 385 390 AAC ATG AAG ATC CTG ACT CTC GGG AAG CTG TCC CGG AAC AAG GAT GAA 1313 Asn Met Lys Ile Leu Thr Leu Gly Lys Leu Ser Arg Asn Lys Asp Glu 395 400 405 GTG AAG GCC ATG ATT GAG AAA CTC GGG GGG AAG TTA ACG GGG ACG GCC 1361 Val Lys Ala Met Ile Glu Lys Leu Gly Gly Lys Leu Thr Gly Thr Ala 410 415 420 AAC AAG GCT TCC CTG TGC ATC AGC ACC AAA AAG GAG GTG GAA AAG ATG 1409 Asn Lys Ala Ser Leu Cys Ile Ser Thr Lys Lys Glu Val Glu Lys Met 425 430 435 AAT AAG AAG ATG GAG GAA GTA AAG GAA GCC AAC ATC CGA GTT GTG TCT 1457 Asn Lys Lys Met Glu Glu Val Lys Glu Ala Asn Ile Arg Val Val Ser 440 445 450 GAG GAC TTC CTC CAG GAC GTC TCC GCC TCC ACC AAG AGC CTT CAG GAG 1505 Glu Asp Phe Leu Gln Asp Val Ser Ala Ser Thr Lys Ser Leu Gln Glu 455 460 465 470 TTG TTC TTA GCG CAC ATC TTG TCC CCT TGG GGG GCA GAG GTG AAG GCA 1553 Leu Phe Leu Ala His Ile Leu Ser Pro Trp Gly Ala Glu Val Lys Ala 475 480 485 GAG CCT GTT GAA GTT GTG GCC CCA AGA GGG AAG TCA GGG GCT GCG CTC 1601 Glu Pro Val Glu Val Val Ala Pro Arg Gly Lys Ser Gly Ala Ala Leu 490 495 500 TCC AAA AAA AGC AAG GGC CAG GTC AAG GAG GAA GGT ATC AAC AAA TCT 1649 Ser Lys Lys Ser Lys Gly Gln Val Lys Glu Glu Gly Ile Asn Lys Ser 505 510 515 GAA AAG AGA ATG AAA TTA ACT CTT AAA GGA GGA GCA GCT GTG GAT CCT 1697 Glu Lys Arg Met Lys Leu Thr Leu Lys Gly Gly Ala Ala Val Asp Pro 520 525 530 GAT TCT GGA CTG GAA CAC TCT GCG CAT GTC CTG GAG AAA GGT GGG AAG 1745 Asp Ser Gly Leu Glu His Ser Ala His Val Leu Glu Lys Gly Gly Lys 535 540 545 550 GTC TTC AGT GCC ACC CTT GGC CTG GTG GAC ATC GTT AAA GGA ACC AAC 1793 Val Phe Ser Ala Thr Leu Gly Leu Val Asp Ile Val Lys Gly Thr Asn 555 560 565 TCC TAC TAC AAG CTG CAG CTT CTG GAG GAC GAC AAG GAA AAC AGG TAT 1841 Ser Tyr Tyr Lys Leu Gln Leu Leu Glu Asp Asp Lys Glu Asn Arg Tyr 570 575 580 TGG ATA TTC AGG TCC TGG GGC CGT GTG GGT ACG GTG ATC GGT AGC AAC 1889 Trp Ile Phe Arg Ser Trp Gly Arg Val Gly Thr Val Ile Gly Ser Asn 585 590 595 AAA CTG GAA CAG ATG CCG TCC AAG GAG GAT GCC ATT GAG CAC TTC ATG 1937 Lys Leu Glu Gln Met Pro Ser Lys Glu Asp Ala Ile Glu His Phe Met 600 605 610 AAA TTA TAT GAA GAA AAA ACC GGG AAC GCT TGG CAC TCC AAA AAT TTC 1985 Lys Leu Tyr Glu Glu Lys Thr Gly Asn Ala Trp His Ser Lys Asn Phe 615 620 625 630 ACG AAG TAT CCC AAA AAG TTC TAC CCC CTG GAG ATT GAC TAT GGC CAG 2033 Thr Lys Tyr Pro Lys Lys Phe Tyr Pro Leu Glu Ile Asp Tyr Gly Gln 635 640 645 GAT GAA GAG GCA GTG AAG AAG CTG ACA GTA AAT CCT GGC ACC AAG TCC 2081 Asp Glu Glu Ala Val Lys Lys Leu Thr Val Asn Pro Gly Thr Lys Ser 650 655 660 AAG CTC CCC AAG CCA GTT CAG GAC CTC ATC AAG ATG ATC TTT GAT GTG 2129 Lys Leu Pro Lys Pro Val Gln Asp Leu Ile Lys Met Ile Phe Asp Val 665 670 675 GAA AGT ATG AAG AAA GCC ATG GTG GAG TAT GAG ATC GAC CTT CAG AAG 2177 Glu Ser Met Lys Lys Ala Met Val Glu Tyr Glu Ile Asp Leu Gln Lys 680 685 690 ATG CCC TTG GGG AAG CTG AGC AAA AGG CAG ATC CAG GCC GCA TAC TCC 2225 Met Pro Leu Gly Lys Leu Ser Lys Arg Gln Ile Gln Ala Ala Tyr Ser 695 700 705 710 ATC CTC AGT GAG GTC CAG CAG GCG GTG TCT CAG GGC AGC AGC GAC TCT 2273 Ile Leu Ser Glu Val Gln Gln Ala Val Ser Gln Gly Ser Ser Asp Ser 715 720 725 CAG ATC CTG GAT CTC TCA AAT CGC TTT TAC ACC CTG ATC CCC CAC GAC 2321 Gln Ile Leu Asp Leu Ser Asn Arg Phe Tyr Thr Leu Ile Pro His Asp 730 735 740 TTT GGG ATG AAG AAG CCT CCG CTC CTG AAC AAT GCA GAC AGT GTG CAG 2369 Phe Gly Met Lys Lys Pro Pro Leu Leu Asn Asn Ala Asp Ser Val Gln 745 750 755 GCC AAG GTG GAA ATG CTT GAC AAC CTG CTG GAC ATC GAG GTG GCC TAC 2417 Ala Lys Val Glu Met Leu Asp Asn Leu Leu Asp Ile Glu Val Ala Tyr 760 765 770 AGT CTG CTC AGG GGA GGG TCT GAT GAT AGC AGC AAG GAT CCC ATC GAT 2465 Ser Leu Leu Arg Gly Gly Ser Asp Asp Ser Ser Lys Asp Pro Ile Asp 775 780 785 790 GTC AAC TAT GAG AAG CTC AAA ACT GAC ATT AAG GTG GTT GAC AGA GAT 2513 Val Asn Tyr Glu Lys Leu Lys Thr Asp Ile Lys Val Val Asp Arg Asp 795 800 805 TCT GAA GAA GCC GAG ATC ATC AGG AAG TAT GTT AAG AAC ACT CAT GCA 2561 Ser Glu Glu Ala Glu Ile Ile Arg Lys Tyr Val Lys Asn Thr His Ala 810 815 820 ACC ACA CAC AAT GCG TAT GAC TTG GAA GTC ATC GAT ATC TTT AAG ATA 2609 Thr Thr His Asn Ala Tyr Asp Leu Glu Val Ile Asp Ile Phe Lys Ile 825 830 835 GAG CGT GAA GGC GAA TGC CAG CGT TAC AAG CCC TTT AAG CAG CTT CAT 2657 Glu Arg Glu Gly Glu Cys Gln Arg Tyr Lys Pro Phe Lys Gln Leu His 840 845 850 AAC CGA AGA TTG CTG TGG CAC GGG TCC AGG ACC ACC AAC TTT GCT GGG 2705 Asn Arg Arg Leu Leu Trp His Gly Ser Arg Thr Thr Asn Phe Ala Gly 855 860 865 870 ATC CTG TCC CAG GGT CTT CGG ATA GCC CCG CCT GAA GCG CCC GTG ACA 2753 Ile Leu Ser Gln Gly Leu Arg Ile Ala Pro Pro Glu Ala Pro Val Thr 875 880 885 GGC TAC ATG TTT GGT AAA GGG ATC TAT TTC GCT GAC ATG GTC TCC AAG 2801 Gly Tyr Met Phe Gly Lys Gly Ile Tyr Phe Ala Asp Met Val Ser Lys 890 895 900 AGT GCC AAC TAC TGC CAT ACG TCT CAG GGA GAC CCA ATA GGC TTA ATC 2849 Ser Ala Asn Tyr Cys His Thr Ser Gln Gly Asp Pro Ile Gly Leu Ile 905 910 915 CTG TTG GGA GAA GTT GCC CTT GGA AAC ATG TAT GAA CTG AAG CAC GCT 2897 Leu Leu Gly Glu Val Ala Leu Gly Asn Met Tyr Glu Leu Lys His Ala 920 925 930 TCA CAT ATC AGC AAG TTA CCC AAG GGC AAG CAC AGT GTC AAA GGT TTG 2945 Ser His Ile Ser Lys Leu Pro Lys Gly Lys His Ser Val Lys Gly Leu 935 940 945 950 GGC AAA ACT ACC CCT GAT CCT TCA GCT AAC ATT AGT CTG GAT GGT GTA 2993 Gly Lys Thr Thr Pro Asp Pro Ser Ala Asn Ile Ser Leu Asp Gly Val 955 960 965 GAC GTT CCT CTT GGG ACC GGG ATT TCA TCT GGT GTC AAT GAC ACC TCT 3041 Asp Val Pro Leu Gly Thr Gly Ile Ser Ser Gly Val Asn Asp Thr Ser 970 975 980 CTA CTA TAT AAC GAG TAC ATT GTC TAT GAT ATT GCT CAG GTA AAT CTG 3089 Leu Leu Tyr Asn Glu Tyr Ile Val Tyr Asp Ile Ala Gln Val Asn Leu 985 990 995 AAG TAT CTG CTG AAA CTG AAA TTC AAT TTT AAG ACC TCC CTG TGG TAATT 3139 Lys Tyr Leu Leu Lys Leu Lys Phe Asn Phe Lys Thr Ser Leu Trp 1000 1005 1010 GGGAGAGGTA GCCGAGTCAC ACCCGGTGGC TCTGGTATGA ATTCACCCGA AGCGCTTCTG 3199 CACCAACTCA CCTGGCCGCT AAGTTGCTGA TGGGTAGTAC CTGTACTAAA CCACCTCAGA 3259 AAGGATTTTA CAGAAACGTG TTAAAGGTTT TCTCTAACTT CTCAAGTCCC TTGTTTTGTG 3319 TTGTGTCTGT GGGGAGGGGT TGTTTTGGGG TTGTTTTTGT TTTTTCTTGC CAGGTAGATA 3379 AAACTGACAT AGAGAAAAGG CTGGAGAGAG ATTCTGTTGC ATAGACTAGT CCTATGGAAA 3439 AAACCAAGCT TCGTTAGAAT GTCTGCCTTA CTGGTTTCCC CAGGGAAGGA AAAATACACT 3499 TCCACCCTTT TTTCTAAGTG TTCGTCTTTA GTTTTGATTT TGGAAAGATG TTAAGCATTT 3559 ATTTTTAGTT AAAAATAAAA ACTAATTTCA TACTATTTAG ATTTTCTTTT TTATCTTGCA 3619 CTTATTGTCC CCTTTTTAGT TTTTTTTGTT TGCCTCTTGT GGTGAGGGGT GTGGGAAGAC 3679 CAAAGGAAGG AACGCTAACA ATTTCTCATA CTTAGAAACA AAAAGAGCTT TCCTTCTCCA 3739 GGAATACTGA ACATGGGAGC TCTTGAAATA TGTAGTATTA AAAGTTGCAT TTG 3792 1013 amino acids amino acid single linear protein internal 2 Met Ala Glu Ser Ser Asp Lys Leu Tyr Arg Val Glu Tyr Ala Lys Ser 1 5 10 15 Glu Arg Ala Ser Cys Lys Lys Cys Ser Glu Ser Ile Pro Lys Asp Ser 20 25 30 Leu Arg Met Ala Ile Met Val Gln Ser Pro Met Phe Asp Gly Lys Val 35 40 45 Pro His Trp Tyr His Phe Ser Cys Phe Trp Lys Val Gly His Ser Ile 50 55 60 Arg His Pro Asp Val Glu Val Asp Gly Phe Ser Glu Leu Arg Trp Asp 65 70 75 80 Asp Gln Gln Lys Val Lys Lys Thr Ala Glu Ala Gly Gly Val Thr Gly 85 90 95 Lys Gly Gln Asp Gly Ile Gly Ser Lys Ala Glu Lys Thr Leu Gly Asp 100 105 110 Phe Ala Ala Glu Tyr Ala Lys Ser Asn Arg Ser Thr Cys Lys Gly Cys 115 120 125 Met Glu Lys Ile Glu Lys Gly Gln Val Arg Leu Ser Lys Lys Met Val 130 135 140 Asp Pro Glu Lys Pro Gln Leu Gly Met Ile Asp Arg Trp Tyr His Pro 145 150 155 160 Gly Cys Phe Val Lys Asn Arg Glu Glu Leu Gly Phe Arg Pro Glu Tyr 165 170 175 Ser Ala Ser Gln Leu Lys Gly Phe Ser Leu Leu Ala Thr Glu Asp Lys 180 185 190 Glu Ala Leu Lys Lys Gln Leu Pro Gly Val Lys Ser Glu Gly Lys Arg 195 200 205 Lys Gly Asp Lys Val Asp Gly Val Asp Glu Val Ala Lys Lys Lys Ser 210 215 220 Lys Lys Glu Lys Asp Lys Asp Ser Lys Leu Glu Lys Ala Leu Lys Ala 225 230 235 240 Gln Asn Asp Leu Ile Trp Asn Ile Lys Asp Glu Leu Lys Lys Val Cys 245 250 255 Ser Thr Asn Asp Leu Lys Glu Leu Leu Ile Phe Asn Lys Gln Gln Val 260 265 270 Pro Ser Gly Glu Ser Ala Ile Leu Asp Arg Val Ala Asp Gly Met Val 275 280 285 Phe Gly Ala Leu Leu Pro Cys Glu Glu Cys Ser Gly Gln Leu Val Phe 290 295 300 Lys Ser Asp Ala Tyr Tyr Cys Thr Gly Asp Val Thr Ala Trp Thr Lys 305 310 315 320 Cys Met Val Lys Thr Gln Thr Pro Asn Arg Lys Glu Trp Val Thr Pro 325 330 335 Lys Glu Phe Arg Glu Ile Ser Tyr Leu Lys Lys Leu Lys Val Lys Lys 340 345 350 Gln Asp Arg Ile Phe Pro Pro Glu Thr Ser Ala Ser Val Ala His Pro 355 360 365 Pro Pro Ser Thr Ala Ser Ala Pro Ala Ala Val Asn Ser Ser Ala Ser 370 375 380 Ala Asp Lys Pro Leu Ser Asn Met Lys Ile Leu Thr Leu Gly Lys Leu 385 390 395 400 Ser Arg Asn Lys Asp Glu Val Lys Ala Met Ile Glu Lys Leu Gly Gly 405 410 415 Lys Leu Thr Gly Thr Ala Asn Lys Ala Ser Leu Cys Ile Ser Thr Lys 420 425 430 Lys Glu Val Glu Lys Met Asn Lys Lys Met Glu Glu Val Lys Glu Ala 435 440 445 Asn Ile Arg Val Val Ser Glu Asp Phe Leu Gln Asp Val Ser Ala Ser 450 455 460 Thr Lys Ser Leu Gln Glu Leu Phe Leu Ala His Ile Leu Ser Pro Trp 465 470 475 480 Gly Ala Glu Val Lys Ala Glu Pro Val Glu Val Val Ala Pro Arg Gly 485 490 495 Lys Ser Gly Ala Ala Leu Ser Lys Lys Ser Lys Gly Gln Val Lys Glu 500 505 510 Glu Gly Ile Asn Lys Ser Glu Lys Arg Met Lys Leu Thr Leu Lys Gly 515 520 525 Gly Ala Ala Val Asp Pro Asp Ser Gly Leu Glu His Ser Ala His Val 530 535 540 Leu Glu Lys Gly Gly Lys Val Phe Ser Ala Thr Leu Gly Leu Val Asp 545 550 555 560 Ile Val Lys Gly Thr Asn Ser Tyr Tyr Lys Leu Gln Leu Leu Glu Asp 565 570 575 Asp Lys Glu Asn Arg Tyr Trp Ile Phe Arg Ser Trp Gly Arg Val Gly 580 585 590 Thr Val Ile Gly Ser Asn Lys Leu Glu Gln Met Pro Ser Lys Glu Asp 595 600 605 Ala Ile Glu His Phe Met Lys Leu Tyr Glu Glu Lys Thr Gly Asn Ala 610 615 620 Trp His Ser Lys Asn Phe Thr Lys Tyr Pro Lys Lys Phe Tyr Pro Leu 625 630 635 640 Glu Ile Asp Tyr Gly Gln Asp Glu Glu Ala Val Lys Lys Leu Thr Val 645 650 655 Asn Pro Gly Thr Lys Ser Lys Leu Pro Lys Pro Val Gln Asp Leu Ile 660 665 670 Lys Met Ile Phe Asp Val Glu Ser Met Lys Lys Ala Met Val Glu Tyr 675 680 685 Glu Ile Asp Leu Gln Lys Met Pro Leu Gly Lys Leu Ser Lys Arg Gln 690 695 700 Ile Gln Ala Ala Tyr Ser Ile Leu Ser Glu Val Gln Gln Ala Val Ser 705 710 715 720 Gln Gly Ser Ser Asp Ser Gln Ile Leu Asp Leu Ser Asn Arg Phe Tyr 725 730 735 Thr Leu Ile Pro His Asp Phe Gly Met Lys Lys Pro Pro Leu Leu Asn 740 745 750 Asn Ala Asp Ser Val Gln Ala Lys Val Glu Met Leu Asp Asn Leu Leu 755 760 765 Asp Ile Glu Val Ala Tyr Ser Leu Leu Arg Gly Gly Ser Asp Asp Ser 770 775 780 Ser Lys Asp Pro Ile Asp Val Asn Tyr Glu Lys Leu Lys Thr Asp Ile 785 790 795 800 Lys Val Val Asp Arg Asp Ser Glu Glu Ala Glu Ile Ile Arg Lys Tyr 805 810 815 Val Lys Asn Thr His Ala Thr Thr His Asn Ala Tyr Asp Leu Glu Val 820 825 830 Ile Asp Ile Phe Lys Ile Glu Arg Glu Gly Glu Cys Gln Arg Tyr Lys 835 840 845 Pro Phe Lys Gln Leu His Asn Arg Arg Leu Leu Trp His Gly Ser Arg 850 855 860 Thr Thr Asn Phe Ala Gly Ile Leu Ser Gln Gly Leu Arg Ile Ala Pro 865 870 875 880 Pro Glu Ala Pro Val Thr Gly Tyr Met Phe Gly Lys Gly Ile Tyr Phe 885 890 895 Ala Asp Met Val Ser Lys Ser Ala Asn Tyr Cys His Thr Ser Gln Gly 900 905 910 Asp Pro Ile Gly Leu Ile Leu Leu Gly Glu Val Ala Leu Gly Asn Met 915 920 925 Tyr Glu Leu Lys His Ala Ser His Ile Ser Lys Leu Pro Lys Gly Lys 930 935 940 His Ser Val Lys Gly Leu Gly Lys Thr Thr Pro Asp Pro Ser Ala Asn 945 950 955 960 Ile Ser Leu Asp Gly Val Asp Val Pro Leu Gly Thr Gly Ile Ser Ser 965 970 975 Gly Val Asn Asp Thr Ser Leu Leu Tyr Asn Glu Tyr Ile Val Tyr Asp 980 985 990 Ile Ala Gln Val Asn Leu Lys Tyr Leu Leu Lys Leu Lys Phe Asn Phe 995 1000 1005 Lys Thr Ser Leu Trp 1010 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of enhancing the sensitivity of a tumor cell in a tumor of a cancer patient to a DNA damaging agent or irradiation comprising directly delivering to the tumor an effective amount of a tumor therapeutic, wherein said tumor therapeutic comprises a viral vector, said viral vector comprises a promoter operably linked to a poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase encoding polynucleotide, said viral vector is an adeno-associated virus vectors a mouse-minute virus vector, or a retroviral vector, and said polynucleotide encodes a truncated or mutant poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase that is deficient for an enzymatic activity but that has a DNA binding domain and reduces poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation catalyzed by a wild-type poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase in a cell culture assay.
 2. A method of killing a tumor cell in a tumor of a cancer patient comprising the steps of: a) directly delivering to the tumor an effective amount of a tumor therapeutic; and b) contacting the tumor with a DNA damaging agent or irradiation, whereby the tumor cell is killed; wherein said tumor therapeutic comprises a viral vector, said viral vector comprises a promoter operably linked to a poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase encoding polynucleotide, said viral vector is an adeno-associated virus vector, a mouse-minute virus vector, or a retroviral vector, and said polynucleotide encodes a truncated or mutant poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase that is deficient for an enzymatic activity but that has a DNA binding domain and reduces poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation catalyzed by a wild-type poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase in a cell culture assay. 